• br Conclusions In sum enhanced incentive motivation in obesi

  2024-12-03

  

  Conclusions In sum, enhanced incentive motivation in obesity-prone rats is mediated by NAc CP-AMPARs. These neurobehavioral differences may render obesity-susceptible populations more sensitive to the motivational influence of food cues, producing more intense, focused, “wanting” that may limit t

• The importance of insulin in

  2024-12-02

  

  The importance of insulin in controlling lipolysis and fat mass is further emphasized by mouse models with alterations in the insulin signaling pathway of adipocytes. For example, mice with a tamoxifen-inducible knockout of the insulin receptor in mature adipocytes reveal a substantial decrease of a

• br Introduction Adenosine deaminase ADA which can catalyze

  2024-12-02

  

  Introduction Adenosine deaminase (ADA), which can catalyze the conversion of AD to inosine by removing an amino group, is a key hydrolytic enzyme of purine metabolism (Conway and Cooke, 1939), and plays an important role in an amount of diseases. For example, an increase of ADA activity in serum

• Targeting the BCR is the ideal strategy to identify

  2024-12-02

  

  Targeting the BCR is the ideal strategy to identify the antigen reactive B cells. However, there is concern that B cells could be activated when BCR are bound and cross-linked by antigens, a possibility that is obviously negative for the treatment of autoimmune disease. Proby et al. (2000) tried to

• Osteocytes the most abundant cells in an adult skeleton are

  2024-12-02

  

  Osteocytes, the most abundant cells in an adult skeleton, are essentially mature osteoblasts that are surrounded by the products they secreted (Noble and Reeve, 2000). Osteocytes serve as mechanosensors that direct bone remodeling and that regulate the activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts (Bone

• The synthesis and secretion of adrenal androgens is apparent

  2024-12-02

  

  The synthesis and secretion of adrenal androgens is apparently unique to humans and nonhuman primates, and requires the expression of key mediators such as CYP17 [26]. Endocrine control of CYP17 expression in rhesus monkeys is comparable to that in humans [27]. An analysis of baboon cDNA for CYP17 s

• br Conclusion br Acknowledgments This research has

  2024-12-02

  

  Conclusion Acknowledgments This research has been supported by the Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund 2013 of Chulalongkorn University (CU-56-341-AS) and the Ratchadapiseksompotch Fund (RA55/22), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University. The authors commemorate the 100th Anniversary of

• From an historical perspective ligands for GPCRs adrenaline

  2024-12-02

  

  From an historical perspective, ligands for GPCRs (adrenaline, serotonin, AZD1152 or morphine, to name a few) have been identified before their receptor counterparts, at a time when the concept of receptor itself was controversial [15]. Although many cognate receptors for endogenous ligands were ra

• br Implications for cancer ROS have a long

  2024-12-02

  

  Implications for cancer ROS have a long history of being involved in the development and progression of cancer and increased ROS level is considered as a hallmark of many tumors [76], [77]. Initially, it was thought that ROS would serve as chemical mutagens that would indiscriminately damage cell

• br Concluding remarks br Definition Prion

  2024-12-02

  

  Concluding remarks Definition Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders that are caused by an unconventional agent that is neither bacterial nor viral, but is in essence an infectious misfolded amyloidogenic protein, termed a prion (Prusiner, 1982). Once considered highly controvers

• Calcium entry through postsynaptic NMDARs

  2024-11-29

  

  Calcium entry through postsynaptic NMDARs activates intracellular signaling cascades including Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and calcineurin. The spatiotemporal abundance of this Ca2+/CaM complex determines the direction of synaptic plasticity, resulting in LTP (Malinow

• br Material and methods br Results br Discussion Aminopeptid

  2024-11-29

  

  Material and methods Results Discussion Aminopeptidase N is a transmembrane protease present in a wide variety of human tissues and cell types (endothelial, epithelial, fibroblast, leukocyte). APN expression is dysregulated in inflammatory diseases as well as in solid and hematologic tumors

• br Possible complementarity of trimming pathways

  2024-11-29

  

  Possible complementarity of trimming pathways Determining the exact pathway for the generation or destruction of MHCI peptide ligands by ERAP1 is important for our understanding of the shaping of the immunopeptidome and for designing inhibitors that can manipulate it. It is also possible however

• Thus we presumed that ALDH

  2024-11-29

  

  Thus, we presumed that ALDH1A3 might play an important role in TMZ-chemoresistance in glioblastoma patients. As we expected, the glioblastoma cell lines and primary glioma ACP-196 were more sensitive to TMZ treatment when ALDH1A3 was inhibited or depleted. Consistently, it has been shown that downr

• Introduction Myasthenia gravis MG is

  2024-11-29

  

  Introduction Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness, which is mainly due to autoantibodies reducing the number or function of postsynaptic PF-06447475 receptors (AChRs) [1], [2]. Animal models have been developed to uncover the immunopathogenesis of MG. E

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